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Jonathan Jay Pollard (born August 7, 1954) is a former intelligence analyst for the United States government. In 1987, as part of a plea agreement, Pollard pleaded guilty to spying for and providing top-secret classified information to Israel, and was later sentenced to life in prison for violations of the Espionage Act.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5e_OqB0lQeM )〕 Pollard is the only American ever to receive a life sentence for passing classified information to an ally of the U.S.〔The Jonathan Pollard Case. http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/spies/pollard/11.html Retrieved August 14, 2014. 〕 In defense of his actions, Pollard declared that he committed espionage only because "the American intelligence establishment collectively endangered Israel’s security by withholding crucial information." Israeli officials, American-Israeli activist groups, and some American politicians who saw his punishment as unfair lobbied continuously for reduction or commutation of his sentence. The Israeli government acknowledged a portion of its role in Pollard's espionage in 1987, and issued a formal apology to the U.S.,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19870306&id=aIMcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MmMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6965,3902705 )〕 but did not admit to paying him until 1998. Over the course of his imprisonment, Israel made repeated unsuccessful attempts through both official and unofficial channels to secure his release. He was granted Israeli citizenship in 1995. Numerous active and retired US officials—including Donald Rumsfeld, Dick Cheney, former CIA director George Tenet, multiple former U.S. Secretaries of Defense, a bipartisan group of U.S. congressional leaders, and members of the American intelligence community—opposed any form of clemency.〔(Donald Rumsfeld against releasing Israel spy Jonathan Pollard ), Politico〕 They maintained that the damage to U.S. national security due to Pollard's espionage was far more severe, wide-ranging, and enduring than publicly acknowledged. Though Pollard argued that he only supplied Israel with information critical to its security, opponents pointed out that he had no way of knowing what the Israelis had received through legitimate exchanges, and that much of the data he compromised had nothing to do with Israeli security. Pollard revealed aspects of the American intelligence gathering process, the “sources and methods”. He sold numerous closely guarded state secrets, including the National Security Agency's ten-volume manual on how the U.S. gathers its signal intelligence, and disclosed the names of thousands of people who had cooperated with U.S. intelligence agencies.〔 Though Benjamin Netanyahu argued that he did not work for anyone but Israel, Pollard admitted shopping his services—successfully, in some cases—to other countries.〔Olive 2006, pp. 77–78.〕 Pollard was released on November 20, 2015, in accordance with federal guidelines in place at the time of his sentencing.〔"After 30 Years, Jonathan Pollard Released From American Prison." Haaretz. November 20 2015.http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.687303〕 ==Early life== Jonathan Jay Pollard was born in Galveston, Texas, in 1954, to a Jewish family, the youngest of three siblings.〔 In 1961, his family moved to South Bend, Indiana, where his father, Morris,〔(Jonathan Pollard: 10 things to know ), Politico〕 an award-winning microbiologist, taught at Notre Dame.〔 At an early age Pollard became aware of the horrific toll the Holocaust had taken on his immediate family, and when he was about to become a Bar Mitzva he asked his parents to visit the death camps. Pollard's family made a special effort to instill a sense of Jewish identity in their children, and were devoted to the cause of Israel and impressed their love for the country upon their children.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/spies/pollard/2.html )〕 Pollard grew up with what he called a "racial obligation" to Israel,〔Blitzer 1989, pp. 19–20.〕 and made his first trip to Israel in 1970, as part of a science program visiting the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot. While there, he was hospitalized after a fight with another student. One Weizmann scientist remembered Pollard as leaving behind "a reputation of being a troublemaker".〔Blitzer 1989, p. 30〕 After completing high school, Pollard attended Stanford University, where he completed a degree in political science in 1976.〔 While there, he is remembered by several of his acquaintances as boasting that he was a dual citizen of the United States and Israel and claiming to work for the Mossad and to have attained the rank of colonel in the Israel Defense Forces. None of these claims was true.〔Olive 2006, p. 2〕〔Blitzer 1989, pp. 35–36〕 Later, Pollard enrolled in several graduate schools, but never completed a postgraduate degree.〔 Pollard's future wife, Anne Henderson (born May 1, 1960), had moved to Washington DC in fall 1978 to live with her (recently divorced) father, Bernard Henderson. According to her father, in summer 1981 she moved into a house on Capitol Hill with two other women and, through a friend of one of her roommates, she first met Pollard. He later claimed to have fallen in love during their first meeting – they were "an inseparable couple" by November 1981, and in June 1982, when her Capitol Hill lease expired, she moved into Pollard's apartment in Arlington, Virginia.〔Henderson, ''Pollard: A Spy's Story'' (1988) pp. 112–115.〕 In December 1982, the couple moved into downtown Washington, D.C., to a two-bedroom apartment at 1733 20th Street NW, near Dupont Circle. They would remain there until their arrest in 1985, at which time they were paying US$750 per month in rent.〔Henderson, page 116.〕 They did not marry until August 9, 1985 – more than a year after Pollard began spying for Israel – in a civil ceremony in Venice, Italy. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Jonathan Pollard」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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